From time to time, I will send you something unique and fascinating about the Chinese language. Today, I want to tell you about Chinese stem words and their modifiers.

In the English language, hyphenated words such as absent-minded or cool-headed are occasionally used. Sometimes, two hyphenated words end up merging together and becoming one word. An example of this is the word land mine evolving from land mine to land-mine to landmine.

Although the hyphen is not used in Chinese, it is very, very common for two words to be placed side by side (like a hyphenated English word) in order to express a third concept.

For example, the two words 地理 when coupled together, mean geography. The word 地 by itself means land and 理 means logic or truth, but put the two words 地理 together and the single combination means geography.

Think of 地 as a stem word and 理 its modifier. Among the many other modifiers of the stem word 地 are the words 雷，球，契 and 址。

Taken individually, the word 雷 means thunder. 球 means ball. 契 means contract. 址 means location. Together, the second word modifies the first word 地 to express a third concept.

Thus

地理 = land logic = geography

地雷 = land thunder = landmine

地球 = land ball = earth

地契 = land contract = title deed

地址 = land location = address

‘Stem word and its modifiers’ forms part of the basic structure of the Chinese language. The stem word is usually the first word and its modifier the second word but not always.

Other examples are the following:

The stem word 电 means electric or electricity. Some of its modifiers are 话 (talk)，灯(lamp)，线 (thread)，脑 (brain)，池 (pond)，影 (shadow).

电话 = electric talk = telephone

电灯 = electric lamp = light

电线 = electric thread = wiring

电脑 = electric brain = computer

电池 = electric pond = battery

电影 = electric shadows = movies

The stem word 小 means small. Some of its modifiers are 便 (convenient), 产 (lay eggs, birth), 学 (learn), 气 (spiritual energy), 吃 (eat).

小便 = little convenience = urinate

小产 = little birth = miscarriage

小学 = little learning = primary school

小 气 = little energy = stingy

小 吃 = little eats = snack

There are numerous other examples of stem words and their modifiers. They form part of the basic structure of the Chinese language.

English Excerpt:

Page 4

Second paragraph

Scholar Wang Fú during the Han Dynasty wrote that the dragon had the characteristics of nine different animals. It had the horns of a deer, the head of a camel, the eyes of a demon, belly of a clam, the scales of a carp, the claws of an eagle, the soles of a tiger and the ears of a cow.

Chinese Translation:

Page 4 第dì 四 sì 页yè

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Second paragraph 第 dì 二er̀ 段 duaǹ

Scholar 王 Wanǵ 符 Fú 王府 during the Han Dynasty 汉 朝 wrote 写 that the dragon 龙 had the characteristics of nine 九 different animals (动 物). It 它 had the horns of a deer (鹿 lù), the head (头 toú) of a camel, the eyes (眼 睛 yaň jinḡ) of a demon （魔 鬼 mó guǐ）, belly (肚子 dù zǐ) of a clam (蛤 gé), the scales (鳞 片 liń piaǹ) of a carp (鲤 lǐ鱼 yú), the claws (爪 zhuǎ) of an eagle (鷹 yinḡ), the soles of a tiger (虎 hǔ) and the ears (耳eř 朵duo) of a cow (牛 niú).

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Vocabulary

1. Second paragraph = 第 dì 二er̀ 段 duaǹ

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第 dì 二er̀ = Second

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段 duaǹ = paragraph

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2. Wang Fu = 王 Wanǵ 符 Fú

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Name of scholar during Han Dynasty who wrote about dragons.

王 Wanǵ = Common surname. Also means king, prince or grand, great.

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符 Fú = symbol

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3. Deer = 鹿 lù

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4. Head = 头 toú

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Also means hair, hair-style, top, end, chief, leading, first

5． Belly = 肚子 dù zǐ

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Also means stomach or tripe.

6. Clam = 蛤 gé

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7. Carp = 鲤 lǐ 鱼 yú

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Note the left half of 鲤 is the radical 鱼 yú which means fish.

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8. Tiger = 虎 hǔ

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9. Ears = 耳 eř 朵 duo

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10. Cow = 牛 niú

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English Excerpt:

Page 4

Nine in One

The number 9, the largest single digit, is associated with the dragon as well as the Emperor in Chinese minds. It is a lucky number in China because it is pronounced the same as another word which means a long time or long life. The dragon is supposed to have 117 scales, 81 yang or male scales and 27 yin or female scales. All these numbers are multiples of nine.

Chinese Translation

Page 4 （第 dì四sì 页yè）

Nine (九 jiǔ) in One (一yī)

The number (数 shù 字 zì) 9 (九 jiǔ), the largest (最 zuì 大dà) single digit, is associated with the dragon 龙as well as the Emperor 皇帝 in Chinese 中国 minds. It 它 is a lucky number 数 字 in China 中国 because it 它 is pronounced the same as another word (久jiǔ) which means a long (长chanǵ) time (shí时 jian̄间) or long (长 chanǵ) life (命ming̀). The dragon 龙 is supposed to have 117 （一 yī百baǐ 十 shí七 qī）scales (鳞liń 片piaǹ), 81 (八bā十shí一yī) yang (阳yanǵ) or male (男nań) scales (鳞 片) and 27 (二 er̀十shí七qī) yin (阴yin̄) or female (女 nü) scales (鳞 片). All these numbers (数shù 字 zì) are multiples of nine (九jiǔ).

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Vocabulary

1. Largest = 最 zuì大 dà

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最 zuì means most or utmost: indicating the superlative degree.

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大 dà means big, large, great

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2. Long time = 久jiǔ

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3．Long = 长chanǵ.

Also means length.

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4. Life = 命ming̀.

Also means fate, destiny, on order or command.

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长chanǵ 时shí

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间 jian̄

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= 久 = long time

长chanǵ 命 ming̀ = long life

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5. One-Hundred Seventeen = 117 = 一 百 十 七

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100 = One-hundred

一yī

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百baǐ

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17 = Seventeen

十shí

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七 qī

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6．Hundred = 百baǐ .

Also means numerous, or all kinds of.

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7. Ten = 十shí

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8．Seven = 七 qī

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Since the number 17 (seventeen) consists of ten plus seven, the Chinese translates it as 十 七.

Since the number 117 (one hundred and seventeen) consists of one一 hundred 百and ten 十 and seven 七, the Chinese translates it as 一 百 十 七.

9. Scales = 鳞 liń 片 piaǹ

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鳞liń = scale of a fish. Note the radical 鱼 yú which means fish on the left side of 鳞.

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片piaǹ = flat, thin piece.

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10. Eighty-one = 81= 八bā 十shí 一 yī

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八bā

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十shí

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一 yī

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= eight tens and one

11. Yang = 阳 yanǵ .

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In Chinese philosophy, 阳 means the positive or masculine half of nature. Also means sun, sun-light, open or positive.

12. Male = 男 nań .

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Note the word 男 consists of two halves, upper and lower. The upper half is 田tiań which means field or farmland.

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The lower half is 力 lì which means strength, power or ability.

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Thus a man represents power and strength in the rice fields of China.

13. Twenty-seven = 27 = 二 er̀ 十shí七qī

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二 er̀

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十 shí

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七 qī

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= two tens and seven

14. Yin = 阴yin̄ .

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In Chinese philosophy, 阴 is the negative or feminine half of nature. Also means shady, lunar, hidden, private parts.

15. Female = 女nǚ.

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Also means woman or girl.

English Excerpt:

Page 3

We now think that the dragon idea may have been inspired by the giant Yangzi alligator, or earth dragon which lives in the lower Yangzi River and can grow to a length of nearly 2 meters 6 feet. The alligator is sensitive to changes in air pressure and appears to know when rain is coming.

EMPEROR’S SYMBOL

Chinese children were told that when the Yellow Emperor died, he became a dragon and flew into Heaven. From then on, the yellow dragon with five claws on each foot became a symbol of imperial power. The Emperor’s throne was called the Dragon Throne and his robe the Dragon Robe. Only the Emperor was allowed to wear clothes embroidered with a yellow dragon. In ancient times, any person who dared to wear such robes without permission was suspected of treason and might even be executed.

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Chinese Translation:

We (我 们 wǒmén) now (现 在 xiàn zài) think that the dragon (龙 lóng) idea may have been inspired by the giant (巨 大 jù dà) Yangzi (杨 子 Yáng Zǐ) alligator (鳄 鱼 è yú), or 土 龙 tǔ lóng (earth dragon) which lives in the lower Yangzi River (杨子江 Yáng Zǐ Jiāng) and can grow to a length of nearly 2 meters (二 米 èr mǐ) 6 feet (六尺 liù chǐ).  The alligator (鳄 鱼 è yú) is sensitive to changes in air (空 气 kōng qì) pressure and appears to know when rain (雨yǔ) is coming.

EMPEROR’S (皇帝 HUÁNG DÌ) SYMBOL

Chinese (中国zhōng guó) children (小孩 xiǎo hái) were told that when the Yellow Emperor (黄帝huáng dì) died (死 sǐ), he (他 tā) became a dragon (龙 lóng) and flew (飞 fēi) into Heaven (天国tiān guó).  From then on, the yellow (黄huáng) dragon 龙 with five (五 wǔ) claws (爪zhuǎ) on each foot (足 zú) became a symbol of imperial power.  The Emperor’s throne (帝位dì wèi) was called the Dragon Throne (龙位lóng wèi) and his robe (袍 páo) the Dragon Robe (龙袍 lonǵ paó).  Only the Emperor 皇帝 was allowed to wear (穿 chuān) clothes (衣服 yī fú) embroidered with a yellow 黄 dragon 龙.  In ancient times, any person (人rén) who dared to wear (穿chuān) such robes 袍 without permission was suspected of treason and might even be executed.

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Vocabulary

1. Now =  现 在 xiàn zi

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2. Giant = 巨 大 jù dà  

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means gigantic, enormous, huge or tremendous

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3. Alligator = 鳄 鱼 è yú .

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Note the radical 鱼 on the left side of  鳄 indicating that the word 鳄has something to do with fish. In ancient China, alligators were considered to be a type of fish.

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4. Earth Dragon =土 龙 tǔ lóng .  

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土 means earth or soil.

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5. Yangzi River = 杨子江 Yáng Zǐ Jiāng

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6. Yangzi River is also called 长 江 cháng jiāng .

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The word 长 cháng means long

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and 江 jiāng means river.

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Note the three dots radical to the left of the word 江 indicating that 江 has something to do with water.

Yang Zi Jiang is the longest river in Asia, measuring 6300 kilometers.  It is the third longest river in the world, following the Amazon in South America and the Nile in Africa.

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7. 2 meters = 二 米 èr mǐ

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8. 6 feet = 六尺 liù chǐ 

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9. Air =  空 气  kōng qì 

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10. Emperor = 皇帝 huáng dì 

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11. Children = 小孩  xiǎo hái

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小 xiǎo  means small, little, tiny.

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孩hái  means child 

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12. Yellow Emperor = 黄帝huáng dì 

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The word  黄 huáng means the color yellow.

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It is pronounced in the same tone as 皇 which means Imperial or royal.

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13. Yellow  Dragon = 黄龙 huáng lóng 

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Yellow = 黄huáng 

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Dragon  = 龙 lóng 

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14.  Heaven = 天 国 tiān guó = Kingdom in the Sky 

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天 tiān means sky, heaven, overhead or day

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国 guó means country or kingdom.

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15. Five Claws = 五 wǔ 爪 zhuǎ 

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five  = 5 = 五 wǔ 

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claws      = 爪 zhuǎ

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16. Foot = 足 zú 

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or 脚jiǎo

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Both words 足 and 脚 mean foot. Please note that 脚 has the radical 月on its left side.  月 radical often indicates that the word has something to do with body parts.

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17. Emperor’s throne = 帝位dì wèi 

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帝dì = Emperor 

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位 wèi = throne , seat or place 

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18.  Dragon throne =龙位lóng wèi 

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Dragon =龙lóng 

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Throne = 位wèi  also means seat or place. 

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19. Dragon Robe = 龙袍 lonǵ paó 

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Dragon  =龙  lonǵ 

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Robe      = 袍 paó 

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20. Wear = 穿 chuān 

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21. Clothes = 衣服 yī fú

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